HUNDREDFOLD LLC

ANT

Antiaris toxicaria Lesch. Antiaris welwitschii / (african), Antiaris africana Engl., Antiaris macrophylla R.Br. and Antiaris welwitschii Engl

Ako, Antiaris, In English it may be called bark cloth tree, antiaris, false iroko, false mvule or upas tree. Oro (Nigeria); Ogiovu (Nigeria); Kyenkyen (Ghana); Chenchen (Ghana); Ako (Côte d`Ivoire); Akede (Côte d`Ivoire); Antiaris (United Kingdom); Antiaris (Germany); Bonkonko (Zaire); Bonkongo (Zaire); Mumaka (Uganda); Kirundu (Uganda); Mlulu (Tanzania); Mkuzu (Tanzania); Sansama (Angola); Kirundu (Angola); Upas tree; Antiaris (Papua New Guinea); Kamansi (Papua New Guinea); Upas (India); Terap (Malaysia); Nong-nong (Laos); Caay sui (Vietnam); Kapiak (Papua New Guinea); Upas (Philippines); Upas (Indonesia); Ancar (Indonesia); Tatai (Indonesia); Ipoh (Malaysia); Tasem (Sarawak); Aseik (Myanmar); Yuan (Thailand); Yang nong (Thailand)

ANTIARIS, BARK CLOTH TREE, AKO, FALSE IROKO

0.38

The heartwood is white to light yellowish white, it is not demarcated. The silver figure is barely visible. It has highly interlocked grain; special care is needed when drying because of frequent risks of distortion. The texture is typically medium to coarse. Not durable; important risks of decay attacks at any processing step, from logs up to final products. It must receive preservative treatment. Sensible to termites attack. Heartwood is sensible to Lyctus attacks. This timber is reported to have a negligible silica content. Silica contents over 0.05% may affect wood processing. Silica Value: 0.02. Easy to treat with a full penetration of the preservative products using vacuum-pressure method. It is easy to saw. Suitable for slicing, also suitable for peeling if treated. Machining, Moulding, Planning, of this species is reportedly easy.

HOUSING GENERAL, boards, frames, steps, panelling, fittings, FURNITURE AND CABINETS, common furniture, PLYWOOD AND VENEER, faces, Decorative veneer, PACKING, heavy packing, pallets, OTHER AND MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS, handicrafts, door core, coffin, moldings, cementboard.

BOM

Bombax buonopozense

Bombax, KAPOKIER, Kapokier (Senegal); Kapokier (Côte d`Ivoire); Bumbum (Burkina Faso); West African Bombax (United Kingdom); Ougoumalanga (Gabon); Esodoum (Cameroon)

WEST AFRICAN BOMBAX, KAPOKIER, GOLD COAST BOMBAX or RED-FLOWERED SILK COTTON TREE

0.32

The heartwood is whitish to pinkish grey, it is not demarcated. The silver figure is medium to large. Straight; grain has no particular influence on drying, machining and finishing qualities. Not durable; important risks of decay attacks at any processing step, from logs up to final products. It must receive preservative treatment. Sensible to termites attack. Heartwood is sensible to Lyctus attacks. Easy to treat with a full penetration of the preservative products using vacuum-pressure method. The rates of shrinkage are small to moderate, from green to 12% moisture content 2.2-2.5% radial and 3.8-4.0% tangential. Drying Defects: The wood is reported has little or no degrade, altough precautions must be taken to prevent blue stain. Kiln Schedules: The recommended temperatures for kiln drying 25 mm thick boards from green to 15% moisture content are dry bulb 80-90oC and wet bulb 55-65oC.

FURNITURE AND CABINETS, common furniture, PLYWOOD AND VENEER, cores, PACKING, light packing, OTHER AND MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS, door core, moldings, scale model

CAN

Canarium schweinfurthii Engl.

Canarium, Aiele, Billi (Sierra Leone); Eyere (Ghana); Bediwuana (Ghana); Aiélé (Côte d`Ivoire); African canarium (United Kingdom); Canarium (Germany); Aiélé (Germany); Mbidikala (Zaire); Bidikala (Zaire); Ovili (Gabon); Abeul (Gabon); Abë (Equatorial Guinea); Mbili (Congo); Abel (Cameroon); Mwafu (Uganda); Mbili (Angola); Aiélé

AFRICAN CANARIUM, BUSH CANDLE, AFRICAN OLIVE, AFRICAN ELEMI, CANARIUM

0.45 to 0.49

Heartwood a light pinkish-brown or light pin. Light and pleasant odor. The sapwood is white to pale straw, it has a thickness of up to 10 cm. The heartwood is pale pinkish brown to light pinkish yellow, it is not clearly demarcated. The grain is highly and systematically interlocked; special care is needed when drying because of frequent risks of distortion. This wood has a somewhat coarse texture. Not durable; important risks of decay attacks at any processing step, from logs up to final products. It must receive preservative treatment. Sensible to termites attack. Heartwood is sensible to Lyctus attacks. It is reported to have silica. Contents over 0.05% may affect wood processing. Silica Value: 0.12. Nearly impossible to treat with a too much low penetration of the preservative substances. The wood is easy to air dry and kiln dry. Drying Defects: Sometimes it is liable to develop fine long surface cracks. RECOMMENDED DRY KILN SCHEDULE FR-11.

HOUSING GENERAL, boards, frames, steps, panelling, fittings, shutter boards, FURNITURE AND CABINETS, common furniture, PLYWOOD AND VENEER, faces, cores, PACKING, heavy packing, pallets, OTHER AND MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS, wheel, door core, coffin

CEI

Ceiba Pentandra

Ceiba, Fromager, Kapok, Silk Cotton tree. Fromager, Enia (Ivory Coast), Ngwe, Banda (Sierra Leone), Ghé (Liberia), Araba, Okha (Nigeria), Doum, Bouma, Odouma (Cameroon, Gabon), Fuma (Congo Rep).

AFRICAN SILK COTTON TREE, KAPOK, CEIBA

0.31

Sapwood and heartwood not clearly demarcated, wood is whitish, pale brown, or pinkish-brown, often with yellowish or grayish streaks. Texture coarse; grain interlocked, occasionally irregular; luster low; without characteristic odor or taste. Seasons rapidly without marked distortion. Kiln schedule T10-D5S is suggested for 4/4 stock and T8-D4S for 8/4. Shrinkage green to ovendry: radial 2.8%; tangential 6.4%; volumetric 10.4%. Difficult to saw cleanly and to dress smoothly, cut surfaces tend to be woolly, tools must be kept sharp for best results, easy to nail and glue, peels to give good veneers. Very susceptible to attack by decay fungi and insects, requires rapid harvest and conversion to prevent deterioration, liable to powder-post beetle attack, prone to stain. Good treatability.

HOUSING GENERAL, panelling, fittings, FURNITURE AND CABINETS, common furniture, cabinets, PLYWOOD AND VENEER, faces, cores, common veneer, TURNING, SPORTS, table tennis, PACKING, light packing, NAVAL CONSTRUCTION, boats, OTHER AND MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS, handicrafts, door core, scale model

CHL

Chlorophora excelsa (Welw.) Beth

Iroko, African Teak, Mvule,Odum, Kambala

AFRICAN TEAK, IROKO

0.64

The timber of this tree resembles the teak of Burma or oak of Europe, it is therefore also named African teak, kambala teak or "Busch- eiche" (bush oak). The heartwood is yellow to brownish yellow, darkening after exposure to the air to become golden to dark brown, which colour looks very much like The sapwood, which is 1 to 4 inches wide, is yellowish white. The texture is rather rough and straight or cross grained, sometimes wavy grained. Iroko dries well in the open air as well as in artificial kilns. No warping or shrinking takes place afterwards. Little degrade is expected during drying. With its specific gravity of 0.64 it is a moderately hard timber and it is very durable. Resistant to the weather and also immune to attacks of termites and fungi. The wood has a dulling effect on tools. The wood of the male trees is believed to be harder than the female and may have more calcareous deposits ("stones") in streaks or lumps (due to injury). It is not possible to discover the presence of such deposits from the outside of the logs.

Nailing and screwing are easy as is work with both hand and machine tools. Because of its coarse texture, a filler should be used before polishing; gluing will give no difficulties. Constructions of all kinds, railway sleepers, doors, window frames, household posts, wagons, wheels, barrels, draining boards, laboratory benches, coffins, Locally, it is also used for canoes, drums, mortars, staircases, flooring, stools, furniture and cabinet work.

DAN

Daniellia Thurifera

Faro, Da, Bungo, Ehyedua, Shedua (Ghana), Oziya, Daniellia (Nigeria), Fara (Ivory Coast), Nsou (Cameroon), Faro (France), Incenso (Portuguese Guinea). copal tree

English frankincense tree, Gum-resin or- Gum-copal

0.47 to 0.51

Heartwood pale pinkish- to reddish-brown with occasional darker streaks; sapwood distinct, whitish to straw colored, 4-7 in. wide. Texture rather coarse; grain shallowly interlocked; lustrous; may be somewhat gummy. Works easily with hand and machine tools, quartersawn material tends to tear in planing and shaping, produces a woolly finish unless tools are kept sharp, nails and glues well.

Core stock for plywood, joinery, general millwork, furniture components, boxes and crates, a decorative veneer can be produced from selected logs. Gum exudates from cracks and wounds in the trunk are used to make a varnish (West African Gum Copal), HOUSING GENERAL, boards, frames, steps, panelling, fittings, FURNITURE AND CABINETS, common furniture, PLYWOOD AND VENEER, cores, PACKING, heavy packing, pallets, OTHER AND MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS, door core, coffin

DID

Didelotia idae / Didelotia idae Oldeman de Wit et Leon.

Didelotia, Broutou, Bondu, GOMBé, Timba (Sierra Leone); Bondu (Liberia); Broutou (Côte d`Ivoire); Angok (Gabon); Ekop-gombé (Cameroon); Gombé

GOMBE or BONDU

0.78

The sapwood is red-brown to pale brown, it has a thickness of 5 to 7.5 cm. The heartwood is pale red-brown with a greenish tint near the sapwood, it is clearly demarcated. Straight or slightly interlocked; grain has no particular influence on drying, machining and finishing qualities. The texture of the wood is frequently coarse. Slightly durable to decay. This species needs preservative treatment for uses with risks of occasional re-humidification. It is not suited for uses with risks of permanent or long-lasting humidification. Sensible to termites attack. The heartwood is resistant. Difficult to treat with only a low penetration of the preservative products. BASIC DENSITY OR SPECIFIC GRAVITY (O.D. WEIGHT/VOL. GREEN) (G/CM3) 0.57, AIR-DRY DENSITY (WEIGHT AND VOLUME AT 12%MC) (G/CM3) 0.62. The boards of this species air dry without difficulty. It takes about 4 months to air dry boards 15 mm thick. Drying Defects: It is reported to be prone to warp and end checking. End splitting may be severe. Kiln Schedules: For kiln drying, a temperature of 40.5 to 65.5 degrees is recommended with corresponding relative humidity of 85% to 40%. RECOMMENDED DRY KILN SCHEDULE FR-7, DIMENSIONAL STABILITY RATIO (TOTAL TANGENTIAL SHRINKAGE %/TOTAL RADIAL SHRINKAGE %) 1.9.

HOUSING GENERAL, beams, joists, boards, flooring, parquet, frames, steps, panelling, fittings, shutter boards, FURNITURE AND CABINETS, common furniture, PLYWOOD AND VENEER, faces, Decorative veneer, PACKING, heavy packing, pallets, CONTAINERS, truck bodies, truck flooring.

DIS

Distemonanthus Benthamianus

Movingui (FRANCE), Satin wood, Movingui (Gabon), Barré (Ivory Coast), Bonsamdua (Ghana), Eyèn (Cameroon), Ayanran (Nigeria).

AFRICAN SATIN WOOD, YELLOW SATIN WOOD, MOVINGUI

0.58

Heartwood yellowish to yellow-brown, sometimes with dark streaking; sapwood narrow, whitish or straw colored, fairly distinct. Texture fine; grain often interlocked, sometimes wavy; lustrous; some logs produce a decorative figure; may contain up to 1.3% silica; Contains a yellow extractive that may stain fabrics if moistened. Degrade and Shrinkage: Air-dries well, though slowly, with little degrade. Kiln schedule T6-D4 is suggested for 4/4 stock and T3-D3 for 8/4. Shrinkage green to ovendry, radial 3.1%; tangential 5.2%; volumetric 10.7%. Movement in service is rated as small. Works fairly readily with machine and hand tools. Blunting effect on cutters varies depending on silica content. Gum buildup on saws causes overheating. Takes a good finish, good gluing properties, easy to peel into veneers, moderately good steam-bending properties. Heartwood is rated as moderately durable and moderately resistant to termite attack.

Cabinetwork, joinery, flooring, decorative veneers. It's suggested as an oak alternative.

ENTA

Entandrophragma Angolense

Edinam, Gedur-nohor (Nigeria); Tiama (Côte d`Ivoire); Gedur-nohor (United Kingdom); M'vovo (Zaire); Jebu mahogany; Ipaki; Budongo mahogany; Brown mahogany tiama; Acajou tiama; Acuminata (Germany); Tiama-mahagoni (Germany); Abeubegne (Gabon); Dongomanguila (Equatorial Guinea); Edinam (Ghana); Tiama or AFRICAN MAHOGANI

AFRICAN MAHOGANY, BROWN MAHOGANY, TIAMA MAHOGANY

0.56

Heartwood pink-brown or a dull uniform red, usually darkening on exposure to a deep red-brown; sapwood creamy-white or pale pink, up to 4 in. wide, sometimes not sharply demarcated. Grain interlocked, producing rather broad stripes; texture medium to rather coarse; without taste and almost without odor. Dries rapidly but with a marked tendency to warp. Kiln schedule T2-D4 is suggested for 4/4 stock and T2-D3 for 8/4. Shrinkage green to ovendry: radial 4.7%; tangential 6.6%; volumetric 11.8%. Movement in service is rated as small. Works rather easily with hand and machine tools, but there is tearing of interlocked grain, otherwise a good finish is obtained in most operations. Good gluing properties. Heartwood is rated as moderately durable, termite resistance is variable. Sapwood liable to attack by powder-post beetle. Preservation: Heartwood is rated as extremely resistant to preservative treatments, sapwood is resistant.

Like all other Entandrophragma woods, it can be used and recommended for furniture, cabinet work, panelling, high-class fitting and joinery. It is very suitable for veneer production and decorative veneer production. In cases where very stable wood is required, e.g. drawer sides, etc., other wood, should be used.

ENTC

Entandrophragma Candollei

KOSSIPO MAHOGANY - Kossipo, Aboudikro, Kosipo (Côte d`Ivoire); Kosipo-mahogany (Germany); Unscented mahogany; Tshimaye rouge; Heavy Sapele; Heavy Mahogany; Bouboussou rouge; Atom; Omu (United Kingdom); Kosipo-Mahogani (Germany); Lifuco (Angola); Atom-assie (Cameroon); Heavy Sapelle (Nigeria); Omu (Nigeria); Penkwaakowaa (Ghana); Candollei (Ghana); Kosipo.

AFRICAN MAHOGANY, KOSSIPO MAHOGANY, UNSCENTED MAHOGANY, HEAVY MAHOGANY, HEAVY SAPELE, WEST AFRICAN CEDAR

varies between 0.62 to 0.69

Appearance is same as Sapele Aboudikro. Machinability,ncolour, texture, are same as Sapele Aboudikro. Heartwood dull brown or purple-brown and clearly demarcated from the whitish to pale brown sapwood. Texture rather coarse; grain generally inter-locked; without distinctive odor or taste. This is the only species of Entandrophragma that is reported to contain silica. RECOMMENDED DRY KILN SCHEDULE FR-10. Because of its variable resistance it is considered as moderately durable to decay. Without treatment, it can be used when risks of occasional re-humidification; it is not suited for uses with risks of permanent or long-lasting humidification. Presence of silica is reported in timber of this species. Amounts over 0.05% may affect the wood processing. Silica Value: 0.21. Difficult to treat with only a low penetration of the preservative products.

It is used for furniture as well as veneer, piano cupboards, panelling. It can also be used for boat building and is used for house building and furniture, flooring, interior decoration, railway carriages, staircases, window frames, cabinet working, musical instruments, etc.

ENTCY

Entandrophragma Cylindricum

SAPELE MAHOGANY - Sapeli, Sapele aboudikro, Aboudikro (Ivory Coast), Penkwa (Ghana), Muyovu (Uganda), Sapelli (Cameroon), Libuyu (Zaire).

AFRICAN MAHOGANY, SAPELE MAHOGANY, ABOUDIKRO, WEST AFRICAN CEDAR, ROSE WOOD (FRESH CUT), RED BOSSE, SCENTED MAHOGANY, ACAJOU SAPELE, EBONY SAPELE

Varies between 0.64 to 0.75

It is a heavy, scented timber with a persistent fragrance. Its specific gravity is 0.64 - 0.75. The heartwood is light pink when freshly cut but when exposed to the air it darkens to reddish brown - a typical mahogany color. Sometimes logs are beautifully figured, mottled or with a regular and marked stripe which shows well on quarter-sawn faces. The texture is moderately fine and the grain regularly interlocked. It is harder and heavier than African mahogany, resembling Honduras mahogany. Seasoning has to be carried out carefully because it has a tendency to deform, check and split. Mild, kiln schedules are therefore required. It should be quarter-sawn to prevent warping and splitting. Although the timber is fairly resistant to fungus and insect attacks. It works quite well with hand and machine tools. In planning, the cutting angle has to be 15 degrees to prevent picking up. Connection can be made easily and holds well. Further, it can be polished, stained, varnished and glued without difficulty. Sapele is very useful as veneer. Drying and Shrinkage:Seasonsfairly rapidly but with a marked tendency to warp,very variable in drying properties,requirescarefulstacking.Kiln schedule T2-D4 is suggested for 4/4 stock and T2-D3 for 8/4. Shrinkage green to ovendry: radial 4.6%; tangential 7.4%; volumetric 14.0%. Movement in service is rated as medium. Works fairly well with hand and machine tools, tends to tear interlocked grain in planing, saws easily, finishes well, good gluing and nailing properties, satisfactory peeling and slicing. Heartwood is moderately durable, resistance to termite attack variable. Sapwood liable to powder-post beetle attack.

It is used for furniture - solid. as well as veneer - piano cupboards, panelling. It can also be used for boatbuilding and is used for canoes and locally for house building and furniture, flooring, railway carriages, staircases, window frames, cabinet working, musical instruments, etc.

ENTU

Entandrophragma Utile

SIPO MAHOGANY - Sipo, Utile, Assie, Mufumbi, - Efuodwe (Ghana), Sipo (Ivory Coast), Okeong (Nigeria), Assié (Cameroon), Kosi-Kosi (Gabon), Mufumbi (Uganda).

AFRICAN HAHOGANY, SIPO MAHOGANY, UTILE, AFRICAN CEDAR, ASHANTI CEDAR, FRENCH SIPO, BROWN MAHOGANY

0.53 - 0.64

Heartwood and sapwood are easy to distinguish, the heartwood red-brown, sometimes with a violet tint and when exposed to the air, the colour darkens. The sapwood, one to three inches wide, is yellowish or light brown. The flat sawn boards may have a typical flame figure due to the parenchyma bands. Quarter-sawn boards are more or less striped by cross grain. Grain is irregular interlocked and the texture is reasonably moderate and uniform. The specific gravity is 0.66 (41 lb/cub ft). This species is somewhat harder and heavier than other African mahoganies. Drying is not difficult but has to proceed slowly and carefully. Distortion or warping may occur but can be reduced by quartering instead of flat sawing. The wood is easy to work with hand and machine tools. Air-dries at a slow to moderate rate with a slight to marked tendency to end-check and warp. Kiln dries satisfactorily, usually with only slight degrade; schedule T2-D4 is suggested for 4/4 stock and T2-D3 for 8/4. Shrinkage green to ovendry: radial 4.6%; tangential 6.4%; volumetric 11.0%. Movement in service is rated as medium. Heartwood is moderately resistant to attack by decay fungi and termites. Sapwood is liable to attack by powder-post beetle. Preservation: Heartwood is extremely resistant to treatment; sapwood is easy to treat.

Utile is considerably stronger than African mahogany. . It has good finishing properties. Used for Furniture, inside and outside panelling, boats, windows, parquet floors, veneer, plywood, construction of road vehicles.

ERY

ERYTHROPHLEUM IVORENSE and E. GUINEENSE

TALI - Tali (Ivory Coast), Erun, Sasswood (Nigeria), Potrodom (Ghana), Kassa (Zaire), Muave (Zambia), Mwavi (Tanzania).

SASSWOOD

0.72 - 0.91

Heartwood is red-, yellow-, or orange-brown, darkening on exposure, sometimes streaked; sapwood creamy-yellow, distinct. Texture coarse; grain interlocked or irregular; moderately high luster. Basic specific gravity (ovendry weight/green volume) about 0.72; air-dry density 56 pcf.Dries slowly with some tendency to warp, generally with little degrade. Kiln schedule T3-D2 is suggested for 4/4 stock and T3-D1 for 8/4. Shrinkage green to ovendry: radial 5.8%; tangential 8.6%; volumetric 11.5%. Movement in service is rated as small. Dry wood is very difficult to saw and machine, rapid blunting of tools, carbide-tipped cutters are suggested; works to a smooth finish and takes a high polish, turns well. Sawdust may cause nose and throat irritation. Heartwood is rated as very durable and highly resistant to termite attack. Also described as resistant to marine borers. Heartwood untreatable; sapwood variable.

Tali is a tropical species native to sub-Saharan Africa and known for its resistance to wear and tear. Tali is a very durable timber, which is used, for example, in the construction of frameworks exposed to bad weather, with the undeniable advantage that it does not need to be treated. It is therefore an ecological material.Flooring, heavy construction, railway crossties, harbor and dockwork.

GUA

GUAREA CEDRATA and G. THOMPSONII

Bosse, Guarea, C. trichilioides: Bossé (Ivory Coast), Kwabohoro (Ghana), Obobo (Nigeria), Édoucié (Cameroon). Guaraguao (Puerto Rico), Trompillo (Colombia, Venezuela, Bolivia), Fruta de loro (Ecuador), Cedrillo (Argentina), Gitó, Cedrohy (Brazil). G. excelsa: Cedrillo, Trompillo de plaza (Mexico), Cramantee (Belize), Guano blanco (Colombia), Cabimbo (Venezuela).

BOSSE, GUARIA, BOSSe CLAIR, PINK MAHOGANY, PINK AFRICAN CEDAR, SCENTED GUAREA CEDAR, CEDAR MAHOGANY, SWEET CEDAR

0.48

Heartwood pinkish to deep reddish- brown; sapwood distinct but not sharply demarcated from the heartwood. Luster is rather low; texture medium; grain rather straight; green wood is aromatic but odor and taste very mild or not distinctive in dry specimens. Basic specific gravity (ovendry weight/green volume) 0.46 to 0.57; air-dry density 34 to 44 pcf. Air dries slowly but with only a moderate amount of warping and no checking. Kiln schedule T6-D2 is suggested for 4/4 stock and T3-D1 for 8/4. Shrinkage from green to ovendry: radial 3.4%; tangential 7.0%; volumetric 11.2%. Movement after manufacture is rated as small. The wood saws and machines easily and well in all operations except boring where there is a tendency to tear and crumble. Heartwood has good resistance to dry-wood termites and is durable in the ground.

Furniture, cabinet work, turnery, interior trim, joinery, ship construction (planking and trim), general carpentry, and decorative and utility veneer and plywood.

HAL

Hallea ciliata Aubrev. et Pellegr., MITRAGYNA CILIATA

Abura / Bahia , Mboi (Sierra Leone); Elolom (Cameroon); Nzingu (Zambia); Bahia (France); Nzingu (Zaire); Nzingu (Uganda); Mvuku (Zaire); Mivuko (Angola); Vuku (Congo); Elelom nzam (Gabon); Elelon (Equatorial Guinea); Elolom Elolom (Cameroon); Abura (Nigeria); Subaha (Ghana); Bahia (Côte d`Ivoire)

BAHIA OR ABURA

0.45 - 0.56

The heartwood is pink beige to pinkish brown, it is not clearly demarcated. The silver figure is fine. Straight; grain has no particular influence on drying, machining and finishing qualities. This species is usually reported to have a fine texture. Not durable; important risks of decay attacks at any processing step, from logs up to final products. It must receive preservative treatment. Sensible to termites attack. Heartwood is sensible to Lyctus attacks. Negligible content of silica is reported. Amounts over 0.05% may affect wood processing. Silica Value: 0.04. Moderately easy to treat with a partial penetration of the preservative products. BASIC DENSITY OR SPECIFIC GRAVITY (O.D. WEIGHT/VOL. GREEN) (G/CM3) 0.52, AIR-DRY DENSITY (WEIGHT AND VOLUME AT 12%MC) (G/CM3) 0.57. Air drying is reported as fairly rapid. Boards of 13 mm and 38 mm thick take respectively 2.5 months and 3.5 months. Drying Defects: The wood seasons with negligible degrade except for fungal and insect attacks.

HOUSING GENERAL, beams, joists, boards, frames, steps, panelling, fittings, FURNITURE AND CABINETS, luxury furniture, cabinets, PLYWOOD AND VENEER, faces, Decorative veneer, TURNING, ornaments, turned furniture, cutlery, lasts, OTHER AND MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS, handicrafts, moldings

KLA

Klainedoxa Gabonensis

Eveuss, Guah, Pierre, kroma, iron wood - Kroma (Ivory Coast),Odudu (Nigeria),Mututtu (Uganda).

EVEUSS, IRON WOOD, KROMA

0.87 to 1.15

Sapwood and heartwood are distinct. The sapwood is greyish, while the heartwood is reddish to golden brown. It has an open texture and the grain varies from straight to irregular. The colour of the wood darkens after exposure to air and has a dark veining. Its specific gravity varies from 0.87 to 1.15. It is a very hard, heavy and strong wood. Eveuss is reported to be durable although no laboratory tests have been published. It is sometimes called iron wood, but this name is to be avoided, as many other species have been called iron wood. It is a tough wood to work with. Reported to be difficult to season and not stable after drying. No information on kiln schedules. Shrinkage green to ovendry: radial 6.6%; tangential 10.0%; volumetric 16.0%. Working Properties: Saws reasonably well; difficult to work with hand tools, but works rather easily with machine tools. Dresses to a smooth finish. Durability: Heartwood highly durable, immune to termite attack. Preservation: Sapwood and heartwood resistant to impregnation.

It is an excellent wood for railway sleepers. It is used for canoes, planking of ship decks, piles, wooden paving, heavy carpentry, stair treads, poles and firewood.

LOP (EKKI)

Lophire Alata

Azobe., Ekki, Iron wood, Bongossi. Bakundu (Cameroon), Kaku (Ghana), Esore (Ivory Coast), Aba (Nigeria), Endwi (Sierra Leone).

AZOBE, EKKI, RED IRON WOOD

Varies between 0.87 to 1.06

The heartwood is purplish brown to chocolate brown; sapwood is of a lighter colour. Azobe is a very hard wood with a specific gravity of 1.06 which is remarkably constant in all the samples collected in its distribution area. The wood is very hard and strong and performs excellently when compression forces are applied. It seasons with difficulty; dries slowly and severe splitting and distortion may occur. Precautions must, therefore, be taken. Once it is dry it is reasonably stable and shows little variation to atmospheric conditions. It is reported from France that a board 8 inches thick and 30 inches wide still had an average moisture content of 30 per cent after thirty years of seasoning. It is one of the most durable woods in the world. It is highly resistant to termites. Drying and Shrinkage:Very difficult to season without excessive degrade,particularly surface and end checking; dries slowly. Kiln schedule T2-C2 is suggested for 4/4 stock and T2-C1 for 8/4. Shrinkage green to ovendry: radial8.4%; tangential 11.0%; volumetric 17.0%. Movement in service is rated as medium. Working Properties:Very difficult to work with hand and machine tools; severe blunting effect if machined when dry; can be dressed to a smooth finish; gluing properties usually good.Durability: Heartwood isr ated as very durable but only moderately resistant to termite attack. Resistant to acids.Good weathering properties. Resistant to teredo attack. Preservation: Heartwood is rated as extremely resistant to preservative treatments and the sapwood resistant.

Underwater constructions (e.g. ports of Le Havre, Dieppe, Bordeaux, etc.); heavy construction work, railway sleepers, piles, piers, bridges, heavy-duty flooring, etc

LOV

Lovoa trichilioides Harms

Lovoa, Apopo, Dibetou, Sida, African Walnut, Temariri, Wnaimei (Sierra Leone); Apopo (Nigeria); Noyer d'Afrique (France); Noyer du Gabon (France); Noyer d` Afrique (France); Congowood (United States of America); Tigerwood (United States of America); Tigerwood (United Kingdom); African walnut (United Kingdom); Embero (Equatorial Guinea); Nivero (Equatorial Guinea); Bombulu (Zaire); Lifaki-muindu (Zaire); Eyan (Gabon); Bibolo (Cameroon); Anamenila (Nigeria); Sida (Nigeria); Apolo (Nigeria); Mpengwa (Ghana); Dubini-biri (Ghana); Dibetou (Côte d`Ivoire)

TIGERWOOD (USA, LIBERIA), AFRICAN WALNUT( West African walnut), GOLDEN WALNUT (African golden walnut), BROWN MAHOGANY (CEDAR)

0.46 to 0.54

The heartwood is golden brown to yellow brown, sometimes greyish brown with dark veins. These markings are frequently found in logs of irregular shape. The grain is interlocked which produces a striped figure on the quarter-sawn boards. The texture is moderately fine. It is a rather soft and strong wood with a specific gravity of 0.54. The fine pores, visible to the naked eye, are filled with a dark oily resin. Lovoa resembles African mahogany, especially in its grain and texture. It dries easily but care should be taken to avoid cracking. Dry wood in service has no dimensional movements due to seasonal weather changes. It is moderately resistant to insect and fungal attacks. The sapwood is not durable, and the heartwood is difficult to impregnate with preservatives. The wood is easy to work with, provided sharp tools are used. Planing of radial surfaces may lead to picking up when the cutting angle is not 15 degrees. Nailing and screwing are easy but the wood may sometimes crack, Drilling, turning and milling are easy and gluing, varnishing and staining offer no difficulties.

Lovoa is mainly used as a substitute for true walnut in furniture and high-class joinery. Used solid as well as veneer and plywood. Other purposes include panelling, ship building, carriage and car building, pianos, radios, flooring, music instruments, etc.

PAK

Parkia Bicolor, Parkia bicolor A.Chev.

Parkia, Essang, Ugboro (Nigeria); Igba odo (Nigeria); Kongui (Guinea); Lo (Côte d`Ivoire); Essang (Gabon); Ezieb (Congo); Ndembé (Cameroon); Essang (Cameroon); Eseng (Cameroon); Singa; Osho; Locust-bean; Dogo; Dego; Dawa-dua; Boh; Boe; Assima; Assama; Asoma; Anandwe

AFRICAN LOCUST-BEAN, ESSANG

0.56

The heartwood is pale yellow, it is not clearly demarcated. Straight or slightly interlocked, sometimes with an influence on further processing operations. A coarse texture is reported in this species. Not durable; important risks of decay attacks at any processing step, from logs up to final products. It must receive preservative treatment. Moderately resistant to termites attack. It is reported to have a negligible amount of silica. Contents over 0.05% may affect wood processing. Silica Value: 0.01. Difficult to treat with only a low penetration of the preservative products. BASIC DENSITY OR SPECIFIC GRAVITY (O.D. WEIGHT/VOL. GREEN) (G/CM3) 0.56 . AIR-DRY DENSITY (WEIGHT AND VOLUME AT 12%MC) (G/CM3) 0.62. Drying is rather slow and sometimes difficult to perform. Drying Defects: Risks of checks and distortions. Kiln Schedules: Schedule proposed as a reference by comparison with well known species taking into account to the general technological behavior of this species. RECOMMENDED DRY KILN SCHEDULE FR-11.

HOUSING GENERAL, beams, frames, steps, panelling, fittings, shutter boards, FURNITURE AND CABINETS, common furniture, PLYWOOD AND VENEER, faces, cores, TURNING, ornaments, turned furniture, cutlery, lasts, TOOLS, agricultural tools, PACKING, heavy packing, pallets, CONTAINERS, cooperage, truck bodies, truck flooring, NAVAL CONSTRUCTION, boats, boat hulls, boat deck, port pillar, OTHER AND MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS, cigar boxes, shoes, door core, coffin, particleboard, cementboard

PAR

Parinari Excelsa

Parinari, Songue, Mubura (Tanzania, Uganda), Kpar (Liberia), Esagko, Inyi (Nigeria), Mampata (Senegal). Perefuetano (Colombia), Tostado (Venezuela), Aiomoradan, Burada (Guyana), Foengoe, Vonkhout (Surinam), Parinari, Pajurá (Brazil), Uchpa-umari (Peru).

GUINEA PLUM,

0.76

Heartwood pale red- or chocolate-brown, darkening on exposure; sapwood yellowish-white, sharply demarcated. Grain usually interlocked and irregular; texture moderately coarse; has a honey scent when freshly sawn, disappears on drying. Silica content often 1% or more. Seasons slowly with a tendency to check and warp. Air-drying prior to kiln drying is suggested. Kiln schedule T2-C2 is suggested for 4/4 stock. Shrinkage green to ovendry: radial 6.6%; tangential 10.2%; volumetric 16.0%. Movement in service is rated as large. Dry timber is difficult to work with hand and machine tools due to high silica, tungsten-carbide tipped cutters are needed, has moderately good steam-bending properties, glues satisfactorily. Heartwood is nondurable and liable to termite attack; reported to be resistant to marine borers. Heartwood fairly resistant to treatment; sapwood permeable.

Mining timbers, heavy construction, railroad crossties (if created). Has an edible fruit.

PIP

PIPTADENIASTRUM AFRICANUM SYN. PIPTADENIA AFRICANA

Dabema, dahoma, African greenheart, agboin, ekhimi. Mbeli (Liberia), Dabéma (Ivory Coast), Dahoma (Ghana), Agboin, Ekhimi (Nigeria), Atui (Cameroon), Bokungu (Zaire), Mpewere (Uganda).

AFRICAN GREENHEART, DAHOMA, DABEMA,

0.56

Heartwood light to golden-brown; sapwood 2 in. wide, grayish to pale straw, distinct. Texture coarse; grain broadly interlocked producing an attractive ribbon figure; moderate luster; unpleasant odor when freshly cut and may return if timber is rewetted; sawdust may irritate skin and mucous membranes; may stain if in contact with iron under moist conditions. Dries slowly, air-drying prior to kilndrying is suggested; some material prone to collapse and warp, collapse not removable by reconditioning. Kiln schedule T2-D4 is suggested for 4/4 stock and T2-D3 for 8/4. Shrinkage green to ovendry: radial 3.9%; tangential 8.7%; volumetric 12.5%. Movement in service is rated as medium. Works well, blunting of knife edges most pronounced in sawing, a cutting angle of 15 degrees is suggested for planing knives to minimize tearing of interlocked grain, nailing and gluing satisfactory, moderate wood-bending characteristics. Heartwood is rated as durable, reported to be resistant to termite attack in West Africa but only moderately so in South Africa. Heartwood is rated as resistant to preservative treatments; sapwood moderately resistant.

Heavy construction, wharf decking, flooring

TAR (NIANGON)

TARRIETIA UTILIS and T. DENSIFLORA

Niangon, Nyankom (Ghana), Ogoué (Cameroon), De-orh (Liberia), Yawe (Sierra Leone).

RED CEDAR, COLA CEDAR, NIANGON (Liberia, Ivory Coast); WISHMORE (Liberia),HARMON FRUIT (Sierra Leone, Liberia).

0.62

Heartwood pale pink- to red-brown, darkening on exposure; sapwood up to 3 in. wide, whitish, not always clearly demarcated. Grain generally interlocked, sometimes wavy; texture somewhat coarse; luster medium to low; greasy feel; figured on radial surfaces due to high wood rays. Basic specific gravity (ovendry weight/green volume) T. utilis 0.54, T.densiflora 0.63; air-dry density respectively 39 and 48 pcf. Dries fairly rapidly and well (T. densiflora seasons slowly) sometimes with a tendency to twist. Kiln schedule T6-D2 is suggested for 4/4 stock and T3-D1 for 8/4. Shrinkage green to 12% moisture content: radial 2.5%; tangential 4.5%. Movement in service is rated as medium. Works rather easily with hand and machine tools with only moderate blunting, a cutting angle of 15 degrees is suggested when planing to prevent tearing, excess gum may cause finishing problems, good gluing properties. Heartwood is rated as durable; sapwood liable to powder-post beetle attack.

Furniture components, carpentry and joinery, boatbuilding, greenhouses.

TEI

Teminalia Ivorensis

Framire, Emire, Baji emire. Black Afara, Idigbo (Nigeria), Emeri (Ghana), Framiré (Ivory Coast)

0.49

Heartwood yellow-brown or light pink-brown; sapwood somewhat paler, not clearly demarcated. Texture medium to rather coarse; grain straight or slightly irregular; moderately lustrous; without distinctive odor or taste. Dust may irritate skin or respiratory tracts. Timber may stain in contact with iron. Yellow dye may stain damp fabrics. Dries rapidly and well with little degrade. Kiln schedule T10-D5S is suggested for 4/4 stock and T8-D4S for 8/4 stock. Shrinkage green to ovendry: radial 3.5%; tangential 5.2%; volumetric 9.0%. Movement in service rated as small. Easy to work with hand and machine tools, a 20 degree cutting angle is suggested to avoid tearing of grain in planing, turns well, good nailing and gluing properties, takes a good finish. Heartwood is rated as durable and moderately resistant to termite attack; sapwood liable to powderpost beetles.

A good general purpose timber. Furniture components, joinery, decorative paneling, veneers, flooring, light construction.

TES

Teminalia Superba

Limba, Frake, Afara : Ofram (Ghana), Fraké (Ivory Coast), Afara (Nigeria), Akom (Cameroon), Limba (Zaire, Angola). "Korina" a trade name in the U.S.A.

Korina

0.45

Heartwood yellow-brown, sometimes with nearly black markings producing an attractive figure; sapwood not distinct from heartwood. Texture moderately coarse; grain straight to irregular or interlocked; slightly lustrous; mild odor. Dark colored figured wood is marketed separately as Dark Afara or Dark Limba. Splinters may cause skin inflamation. Seasons rapidly with little or no checking and warp. Kiln schedule T10-D5S is suggested for 4/4 stock and T8-D4S for 8/4. Shrinkage green to ovendry: radial 4.5%; tangential 6.2%; volumetric 10.8%. Movement in service is raced as small. : Saws easily, works well with hand and machine tools, good veneering properties, good gluing and nailing characteristics, takes a good finish. Heartwood is nondurable, not resistant to termites, liable to severe ambrosia beetle and powderpost beetle attack. Heartwood extremely resistant to preservative treatments; sapwood moderately so.

Plywood, furniture, interior joinery, sliced for decorative veneers.

TET

Tetraberlinia tubmanianea

Tetra, Sikon, Gola (Liberia), Ekop.

0.6

Heartwood pale red or red-brown; sapwood 1-2 in. wide, grayish with a pinkish tint, clearly demarcated. Texture medium to coarse; grain interlocked; medium luster; has an attractive figure. Timber dries fairly slowly with a marked tendency to end and surface check. No information on kiln schedules. Shrinkage green to ovendry: radial 5.6%; tangential 10.2%. : Works well with hand and machine tools, some tearing of grain when planing quartersawn faces, excellent turnery, slices well into veneers, good gluing properties. Heartwood durability is only moderate; sapwood is liable to powder-post beetle attack. Heartwood is moderately resistant, sapwood permeable.

A general utility wood, veneer and plywood, furniture components, turnery.

TIE

TIEGHEMELLA HECKELII and T. AFRICANA

Makore, Baku (Douka) - (T. heckelii) Baku (Ghana), Makoré (Ivory Coast); (T. africana) Douka, Ukola (Gabon).

0.55

Heartwood pink to pink- or red-brown; sapwood 2-3 in. wide, whitish or light pink, clearly demarcated. Texture fine to medium; grain generally straight; lustrous; sometimes with an attractive moire figure. Liable to stain in contact with iron when damp. Dries at a slow to moderate rate with little degrade. Kiln schedule T10-D4S is suggested for 4/4 stock and T8-D3S for 8/4 (T. heckelii). Shrinkage green to ovendry: radial 4.7-6.2%; tangential 6.8-8.0%; volumetric 10.6-11.0%. Movement in service is rated as small. A high silica content causes blunting of cutting edges, particularly in dry wood; works reasonably well with hand and machine tools, good veneering properties, finishes well, good gluing properties. Fine dust may irritate nose and throat or cause dermatitis. Heartwood is highly durable and resistant to termite attack; sapwood liable to powder-post beetle attack. Heartwood is extremely resistant to preservative treatments; sapwood moderately resistant.

Furniture, cabinetwork, joinery, decorative veneers, paneling, boatbuilding, flooring, turnery, marine plywood.